11.4 Alkanes
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34. State the use for the lubricating oil fraction.
Engine lubricants, machinery waxes, and polishes.
35. State the use for the bitumen fraction.
Surfacing and making roads, along with roof waterproofing.
36. Describe the bonding in alkanes and their classification as hydrocarbons.
They exhibit single covalent bonding (C-C and C-H) and are categorized strictly as saturated hydrocarbons.
37. Describe the general reactivity of alkanes.
They are generally unreactive due to strong, stable covalent bonds, except in terms of combustion or free-radical substitution by chlorine.
38. Define a substitution reaction.
A chemical reaction in which one atom or group of atoms is directly replaced by another incoming atom or functional group.
39. What type of reaction is the reaction of alkanes with chlorine?
A photochemical reaction that requires external photon energy to break initial halogen bonds.
40. What provides the activation energy (Ea) for the substitution reaction of alkanes with chlorine?
Ultraviolet (UV) light.