11.3 Fuels
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21. Name the three fossil fuels mentioned in the syllabus.
Coal, natural gas, and petroleum.
22. What is the main constituent of natural gas?
Methane (CH4).
23. Define hydrocarbons.
Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
24. What is petroleum?
A complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
25. How is petroleum separated into useful fractions?
By fractional distillation based on differences in boiling thresholds.
26. Describe the trend in chain length of petroleum fractions from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column.
The carbon chain length decreases as you move upwards.
27. Describe the trends in volatility, boiling point, and viscosity of fractions from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column.
Volatility becomes higher; boiling points become lower; fluid viscosity becomes lower.
28. State the use for the refinery gas fraction.
Gas used for domestic heating and cooking.
29. State the use for the gasoline/petrol fraction.
Fuel utilized in internal combustion car engines.
30. What is the use of the naphtha fraction?
It is utilized directly as a chemical feedstock for making other chemicals.
31. State the use for the kerosene/paraffin fraction.
Jet aircraft fuel.
32. State the use for the diesel oil/gas oil fraction.
Fuel engineered for heavy diesel engines.
33. State the use for the fuel oil fraction.
Fuel for maritime ships and large-scale industrial central heating installations.