11.6 Alcohols
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47. State the conditions required for the addition of hydrogen to an alkene.
A temperature of around 150 °C in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
48. State the conditions required for the addition of steam to an alkene.
A temperature of 300 °C, pressure of 6000 kPa (60 atm), and a phosphoric acid catalyst.
49. Describe the conditions for the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation.
Fermentation of an aqueous glucose solution at ideal temperatures of 25–35 °C using enzymes in yeast under anaerobic conditions (absence of oxygen).
50. Describe the conditions for the manufacture of ethanol by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.
Reacting ethene with steam at 300 °C and 60 atm (6000 kPa) in the presence of an acid catalyst (H3PO4).
51. What are the products of the complete combustion of ethanol?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
52. State two uses of ethanol.
As an industrial solvent and as a clean-burning fuel option.
53. What must you be able to describe regarding the two methods of ethanol manufacture?
Their relative advantages and disadvantages (e.g., fermentation uses renewable resources but yields impure, batch products; hydration is fast and continuous but relies on finite crude oil).