11.1 Formulae, functional groups and terminology
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1. What is a structural formula?
A structural formula shows how the atoms in a molecule are arranged in space, either unambiguously using text formats (e.g., CH3CH2OH) or via fully drawn out graphic sketches showing every covalent bond link explicitly.
2. Define a homologous series.
A family of organic chemical compounds that share the exact same general molecular formula, display highly similar chemical traits, and show a clear, gradual progression in physical parameters (such as boiling point values) as structural carbon chain links expand.
3. What is meant by a functional group?
An atom or a specific collective matrix of structural atoms within an organic framework that drives and dictates the distinct, predictable chemical reaction characteristics of that particular group (e.g., -OH for alcohols, -COOH for carboxylic acids).
4. Define structural isomers.
Chemical compounds that feature identical molecular formulas but display completely different architectural or spatial structural configurations of their atoms.
5. Describe the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single carbon-carbon bonds (C-C), meaning they hold the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons possess at least one multiple carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) or triple bond within their structure.